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Water resources

Water is a key problem in Central Asia. It becomes more acute at present time. Social, economic and environmental consequences rank as the most complex in Aral region. Differentiation of season water and energy demands as well as their unbalanced distribution create conflict preconditions and can significantly influence on economics of Central Asia countries.

Despite of reduction of water diversion quantity in the late 90^th, the effectiveness of utilization of water resources is inadequate and complicated because of poor water system management.

To solve above-mentioned problems in the Aral Sea Basin a number of regional and National programmes covering different fields of conservation of water resources and environmental protection have been and are implemented:

• «Basic principles of National and regional strategies of  water system management»;

• «Management of water and land resources » (ЕС TASIS);

• «Management of water resources and environment in the Aral Sea Basin» (GEF);

• «Water and energy resources conservation in Central Asia SPECA» (UNECE);

• «Improvement of management of natural recourses in Central Asia Republics» (USAID);

• «Pure water and sanitation»;

• «Rehabilitation of water and marsh lands in delta of Amu Darya river»;

• «Regulation of Syr Darya river and North Part of the Aral Sea SYNAS»(WB);

• «Creation of a system for prediction of snowmelt flow for rivers of the Aral Sea Basin» USAID;

• «Hydrologic system control in the Aral Sea Basin, Aral-HYCOS»;

However, detail review showed that the following projects specified in the Programme of Actions have not been implemented:

• «Development and introduction of uniform information system of water-resources assessment and water management»;

• «Development of principles of improvement of quality of water resources»;

• «Conducting water-management and environmental surveys on improvement of conditions in the zone of water flow formation ».

Mountain ecosystem

Current state of mountain ecosystems is characterized by complex social and economic problems. Principle of unreasonable nature management prevails. Stable degradation of mountain and forest ecosystems is observed even in under-populated regions of North Tien Shan.

One of the most important tasks to be solved is water conservation in zones of its formation and water flow recovery in mountain ecosystems. These systems together with water basins and glaciosphere represent united ecological system of the region. It is undoubtedly, that an important stage for conservation of mountain ecosystems is developed strategy on “Regional collaboration in the field of sustainable development of mountain ecosystems in Central Asia” (ABRD). The main priority of this strategy is preparation and coordination of combined surveys and monitoring of mountain territories.

Land degradation

Problem of land degradation is conditioned by both nature-climate factors and man’s impact. Significant part of land resources is decertified. It is caused by change and loss of vegetation, sand deflation, ablation and wind erosion, salinity and contamination of water and soil with industrial and household wastes, pesticides and etc. These factors are causes of change of soil functions and decrease of its natural and economic importance.

National and regional programmes on desertification control are developed in Central Asia region:

• «The map of man-made desertification in the Aral Sea Basin»( 1: 250000 );

• «Natural resources management with participation of local population»;

• «Support of the National Programme on desertification control of private agriculture in Takhta (Dashoguz)».

Biodiversity conservation

The major part of the region has changed as a consequence of man-made activity (disafforestation, water deficit, irrigation, steppes ploughing up and etc.) Decrease of number of flora and fauna species, collapse of tugai forests in Aral near-shore zones is far from complete list of all these changes.

It is necessary to acknowledge inadequate development and current state of legislation on conservation of nature resources. It can be explained by lack of unified well-grounded scheme of ecological standards for the whole region.

The project on this direction titled “Development of eco-network as a base for long-run conservation of ecosystems in Central Asia” is developed in the region. The main task of the project is to elaborate eco-regional scheme of development of particularly conserved native territories (PCNT) in Central Asia countries.

The following regional and National Programmes on conservation of biodiversity and widening PCNT are implemented at present time:

• «Conservation of biodiversity in West Tien Shan» (GEF);

• «Combined conservation of water and marsh lands as migrant birds ecotopes» (GEF);

• «Conservation of saiga and its biotope on the routes of migration, places of wintering and summering (estivation)» (GEF);

• «Conservation and recovery of bukhara deers» (WWF);

• «Conservation of important Asian water and marsh lands and migration corridors needful for cranes and other globally significant migrant waterfowls» (ICF, UNEP);

• «In-situ Conservation of mountain agrobiodiversity » (GEF).

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